Jun 20, 2022
Table Talk: Family Conversations about Juneteenth
ADL Blog | Published June 1, 2022
Juneteenth, also known as “Juneteenth Independence Day,” “Emancipation Day,” "Jubilee Day," or “Freedom Day,” is an annual holiday to mark the end of slavery. The holiday’s name is a blending of the words “June” and "nineteenth." Juneteenth commemorates the day in history that Union General Gordon Granger arrived in Galveston, Texas and informed the enslaved Black people there and others in the state that they were free and that the Civil War was finally won. Even though the Emancipation Proclamation was issued almost two years earlier by President Lincoln on Jan. 1, 1863, Granger’s arrival and announcement on June 19, 1865 put the Emancipation Proclamation into widespread effect. As a result, over 250,000 enslaved people living in Texas learned that they were finally free.
In 1866, through grassroots efforts Black people in Texas reclaimed June 19 as “Juneteenth” and it continues today as a celebration of Black liberation across the country. Juneteenth has been celebrated by African American people since the late 1800’s. Though not an official federal holiday, forty-eight states and the District of Columbia recognize the holiday; only South Dakota and Hawaii do not. (To date, Hawaii’s state legislature has passed Juneteenth as a state holiday and is awaiting the Governor’s signature.) Texas was the first state to officially recognize Juneteenth as a holiday in 1980.
In June 2021, the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act was signed into law, officially making June 19 a federal holiday and giving national recognition to a day commemorating emancipation.
The Evolution and Long-Term Impact of Slavery in the U.S.
Slavery existed in British North America and, subsequently the United States, from 1619 through 1865. Enslaved Africans and many generations of their descendants were held in bondage in the U.S. under violent, inhumane, and brutal conditions. Racism—and eventually a full-fledged ideology of white supremacy—were used to perpetuate and defend slavery and the hierarchy in wealth and opportunity that was created as a result. White supremacy and racism are the products and long-term impacts of slavery.
With the passage of the 13th Amendment in 1865, enslavement and forced labor were prohibited in the U.S. except as a punishment for crime. However, the long-term impact of slavery and the ideology of white supremacy has continued to persist after slavery's end, causing great harm to generations more of Black people. Jim Crow laws, which were state and local laws enacted in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that legalized and enforced racial segregation, treated Black people as second-class citizens. The racial and economic oppression that marked the Jim Crow South fueled the mass migration of millions of Black people from the South to the North and West in what became known as the Great Migration, lasting from approximately 1916 to 1970.
Outside the South, from the 1930s through the 1960s, Black people were largely cut off from the housing market through redlining (housing discrimination), restrictive covenants (restrictions on land use), bombings, and other means, both legal and illegal. Housing discrimination, combined with discrimination in education and employment, created and continue to perpetuate disproportionate obstacles to advancement in U.S. society. In addition, law enforcement officers often not only failed to protect Black communities from violence and oppression but took part in such violence themselves. Police violence against Black people continues to occur at disproportionate rates and spur major protests. Similarly, mass incarceration in the U.S. continues to have a disproportionate and devastating impact on Black people and other people of color.
The Importance of Juneteenth
Because Juneteenth commemorates the end of enslavement, it is important to remember and honor the day and focus on Black freedom, resilience, and achievement. At the same time, because slavery set the foundation for racism and white supremacy in the U.S. which continues to this day, it is an important reminder of the past and an opportunity to reflect on our present and look to the future we want to create for racial justice and equity. All of this can and should be acknowledged, discussed and taught throughout the year.
In 2020, amid the racial protests in response to the murder of George Floyd by former police officer Derek Chauvin, many companies recognized Juneteenth as a holiday. These companies engaged in a variety of activities including holding a moment of silence, making Juneteenth an annual paid holiday, having guest speakers, encouraging employees to reflect on the history of racism, commemorating Black history, and many others.
Juneteenth celebrations can include family gatherings and reunions, parades, festivals and street fairs, marches, rodeos, storytelling, picnics, and barbeques. At gatherings involving eating, red drinks and red foods are a tradition, with red symbolizing resilience.
How to Honor the Day
Learn more about Juneteenth using one of these resources, for both children and adults, from National Museum of African American History and Culture, Fact Monster, History, Juneteenth Foundation, Blavity, and Kids Britannica.
Learn about enslavement and other important issues about Black history and the history of racial injustice (books, articles, videos, podcasts, films, etc.) using this or this collection of resources.
Read books with your children about Juneteenth such as Juneteenth Jamboree and Juneteenth for Mazie. In addition, read other books together about race and racism and Black people, identity, and culture.
Reflect on the impact and long-term impact of enslavement and current day racial inequity and systemic racism. Get involved in actions, both short- and long-term, to address systemic racism.
Visit a local African American History Museum or visit one online. The National Museum of African American History and Culture has a special webpage on Juneteenth.
Attend events in honor of Juneteenth like these in Atlanta, Dallas, New York City and other locations across the country Check your local listings.
Support Black businesses today and in the future. Depending on your needs and where you plan to shop, use one of these directories.
Questions to Start the Conversation
What did you learn about Juneteenth?
Why do you think more states, in recent years, have made Juneteenth an official holiday?
Do you think Juneteenth should be a national holiday? Why or why not?
Why is important to bring awareness to the history of slavery?
What are some current day examples of the long-term impact (handed or passed down from one time period) of slavery?
Questions to Dig Deeper
(See the Additional Resources section for articles and information that address these questions.)
- Why is history important and significant?
- How do you think we should honor Juneteenth, on June 19 and beyond?
- How can we address the impact of slavery in our everyday lives?
- Where do we see racism in our lives (in ourselves, others, and society) and what can we do about it?
Take Action
Ask: What can we do to help? What actions might make a difference?
- Help to organize a school forum (in person or virtually) to learn about Juneteenth. Provide background information, invite guest speakers, and provide resources for learning more.
- Reflect on current day examples of systemic racism, especially those that are rooted in slavery. Consider how you might get involved and do something about it. Use ADL’s 10 Ways Youth Can Engage in Activism.
- Honor Juneteenth by taking part in one or more of the activities above, “How to Honor the Day.”
